2010

Donation of archaeological artifacts found in the Wietenberg site from Derșida – Dealul lui Balotă

(Abstract)

The authors display  the contents from a donation  of archaeological artifacts (Fig.  1-9) found  in  the Wietenberg site from Derșida-Dealul lui Balotă (Pl. 1). The donation consists in stone items (axe), ceramics (lids, cartwheels, „stick tips” considered by authors to be, usually, spindle-whois, a spoon and a tablet) and stag horn (axes, scepter, plough). Two items present a particular feature: the tablet (Fig. 2/2) and the scepter fragment (Fig. 4/3).

Das Bronzedepot von Așchileu Mare (Bez. Cluj)

(Zusammenfassung)

Es werden  sieben  Tüllenbeile vorgelegt,  die sich  früher in  der Sammlung  Endre Orosz befanden  und z.Z.,  zusammen  mit anderen  Fundstücken  dieser Sammlung,  im Ungarischen  Nationalmuseum aus Budapest aufbewahrt werden. Die beiden Tüllenbeile vom siebenbürgischen Typ (Abb. 1, 1-2; 2, 1-2), die die ältere Variante solcher Beile vertreten, stammen aus Așchileu Mare und gehören, sehr wahrscheinlich einem Depot an. Die Depots,  die ausschließlich  Tüllenbeile enthalten,  sind  beidseits der Karpaten  zumal den  ersten Jahrhunderten des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. charakteristisch. Ihre Anzahl in der Stufe Spätbronzezeit 2 (ungefähr Reinecke Bronze D) ist gar nicht beachtlich, nur 4,6 % aus der Gesamtanzahl der Depotfunde dieser Periode, laut der Statistik von T. Soroceanu und E. Lakö. Die Depots von Așchileu Mare und Uroi sind die einzigen siebenbürgischen Funde, die angeblich nur aus Tüllenbeile vom siebenbürgischen  Typ  bestehen.  Evtl,  solche Funde kamen  auch  in  Sighișoara (Schässburg) und Deva vor. Die Tüllenbeile vom siebenbürgischen Typ sind aber sehr gut in den gemischten Depots der Noua und Sabatinovka Bevölkerungsgruppen vertreten, nicht selten zusammen mit den Hakensicheln. Die  Verbreitung,  die  Typologie,  die  chronologische  Einordnung  und  die  Funktion  der  Tülenbeile  vom siebenbürgischen Typ wurden mehrmals erörtert. Im Anhang  lege ich  eine Liste der Tüllenbeile vom siebenbürgischen  Typ  vor,  die die Fundliste von Rusu  1966  für Siebenbürgen  und  das Banat ergänzt.  Die größte Konzentration  der älteren  Tüllenbeile vom siebenbürgischen Typ, besonders die Varianten A und B nach Rusu, befinden sich, wie sich auch aus dieser Liste ergibt,  im Süden  und  in  der Mitte Siebenbürgens.  Relativ  zahlreich  sind  solche Tüllenbeile ebenfalls in Moldavien und in südlichen Ukraine. In diesen Territorien kamen die Mehrzahl der Depotfunde vom Typ Ruginoasa-Cara vor. Das Tüllenbeil von  Jucu  de Jos (Abb.  1,  3; 2,  7) gehört dem Typ  B,  Variante Bț der Tüllenbeile mit halbmondförmigem Rand an, laut der von mir 2007 publizierten Typologie. Dieser Typ ordnet sich chronologisch in die Stufen Spätbronzezeit 2 und 3 ein. Das Tüllenbeil von Cornești (Abb. 1,4; 2, 3) wurde, laut der Information von Endre Orosz, 1898 zusammen mit anderen Bronzestücken in der Flur Vârfalvi alsô-lâb entdeckt. Nach anderen Angaben kam das Depot von Cornești 1887, în der Flur Kertmege ans Licht. Heute ist schon unmöglich zu präzisieren, ob die Bronzestücke von  Cornești,  die in  verschiedene öfentliche oder private Sammlungen  gelangten,  einem einheitlichen  Fund zuzuschreiben  sind.  Die von  Cornești publizierten  Bronzeartefakte datieren  sich  in  eine längere Zeitspanne (die Stufen Spätbronzezeit 3 und 4). Die meisten Analogien des Tüllenbeiles aus der Orosz-Sammlung gliedern sich in die Stufe Spätbronzezeit 3 ein. Die Tüllenbeile von Gherla-Umgebung (Abb. 1, 5; 2, 4), Sic (Abb. 1, 6; 2, 5), bzw jenes entdeckt zwischen Așchileu Mic und Așchileu Mare (Abb. 1, 7; 2, 6) sind jünger und datieren sich in die Stufe Hallstatt B. Da sie Einzelfunde sind, ist ihre genauere Datierung problematisch.

Vestiges d’Hallstatt précoce et moyen du Nord-est de la Transylvanie

(Résumé)

Dans l’élaboration du répertoire archéologique concernant les découvertes de la première époque du fer (Ha B-C), Xe-VIIe  A.C. siècles, de cette aire géographique, nous nous avons décidé pour une présentation détaillée  (l’historique de la découverte,  la structure,  la valeur documentaire,  l’encadrement culturel et chronologique), par l’offre du plus grand nombre des renseignements relatives à la topographie et à la découverte elle-même. Pendant la présentation  des découvertes nous avons accordé une attention  aiguë aux  points topographiques où  des recherches archéologiques systématiques ont été faites (chantiers,  sondages,  observations de terrain détaillées) ou  aux  découvertes isolées qui ont une grande importance archéologique (chronologique ou  de documentation scientifique). Dans le répertoire, nous avons retenu également des découvertes moins connues ou inédites, qui à cette occasion sont analysées de façon unitaire et pour la première fois introduites dans le discours scientifique. Le répertoire comprend 99 localités avec leur points topologiques afférents, placées sur les territoire des actuels départements de Bistrița-Năsăud, le Nord-Est du département de Cluj et le Nord-Ouest de département de Mureș, dans une présentation détaillée des découvertes de la période nommée, connu jusqu’à présent dans cette aire géographique. Le répertoire se veut un instrument de travail, sujet à des permanentes modifications dues aux  nouveaux  recherches scientifiques et aux  nouveaux  découvertes archéologiques qui viennent enrichir le trésor présent.

The Daco-Getian pottery inside the Carpathian Basin  (end of the 3rd century BC – beginning of the 1st century BC)

(Abstract)

The period from late 3rd century BC to the early lsl century BC is a real dark age of the Daco-Getian history,  an era of transition from the golden age of Getian aristocracy (5th – 3rd centuries BC] to the silver kingdom of the  Dacians (lsl century BC – 1st century AD). Although sites with archaeological discoveries not missing (Pl. I),  the relevant pottery material for general chronology and typology is missing. Among pottery types are double truncated con cups (Pl. II, III), small cups (Pl. IV/1-5, 7), simple cups ((Pl. IV/11, 14, 15), strainers ((Pl. IV/6, 8-10, 12, 13, 16), bowls (Pl. VI-VIII), fruit bowls (Pl. V), double truncated vessels (Pl. IX) and jars (Pl. X-XII). The vessels were made both by hand and wheel, with fine or coarse paste. Among the ceramic forms mentioned none is specified only to our study period. Some will not continue after the middle of the lsl century BC (the  cup with handle raised, the bowl with invasion rim, the vessel with a cylindrical neck), other, new types that appear during the 2nd century BC, will continue to exist in the following periods (the dacian cup, the fruit bowl, the jar). Geographically, the vessels with cylindrical necks, the early dacian cup or strainers, are just a few inside the Carpathian Basin in these period.  Celtic disappearance from the Carpathian Basin in the late 2nd  century BC, followed by the rising of the Dacians, has an echo in the pottery finds. The period represents a turning point, visible in the geographical redistribution of significant sites in the area and in the appearance/disappearance of certain types of vessels, ornamental motives, making techniques or burning technology.

Quelques fragments de deux diplômes militaires romains découverts  en Dacia Porolissensis

(Résumé)

Ces fragments de diplômes ont été découverts pendant les fouilles archéologiques exécutées dans le camp d’a/a I Tungrorum Frontoniana (l’antique Arcobadara), situé sur le limes nordique de la Dacie Porolissensis, dans le territoire actuel du village Ilișua (dép. Bistrița-Năsăud). Les fragments du premier diplôme, au nombre de cinque (fig. 1-2) ont été trouvés dans le praetorium, en l’an 1988, mais les autres trois appartenances au deuxième, ont été mis au Jour en 1991, dans la praetentura dextra.  Par les surnoms [cognomina] des témoins restes sur les fragments récupérés,  la délivrance de deux diplômes peut être datée durant le règne de 1’Antoninus Pius, approximativement au 16 – éme jour du moins de mai des années 148-154 (le premier) et pendant les ans 145-146 (le deuxième). Il faut noter que ces sont les fragments de seuls diplômes militaires découverts jusqu’à présent dans ce camp romain.

V. Conclusions

The analysis of the waiting servant depictions on the funerary monuments from Roman Dacia strikes from the start by the lack of iconographical unity in comparison with other parts of the Empire72. With the exception  of the representations with jug and napkin which are quite frequent and prove certain coherence, the rest are the result of mixing distinct elements from different iconographical types. Also, the presence of the napkin and the bent arm of the servant holding its end seem to be the most common “marks” of the Dacian waiting servant. Taking  into  consideration  the meaning  of these representations,  it can  be assumed  that,  especially concerning  the sole representations,  they  are a symbol of the funerary  banquet and  their carving  in  stone remains as a constant reminder of that symbolic practice. No unilateral view can be adopted regarding their symbolism inside the funerary banquet scenes. K. M. D. Dunbabin stressed on the importance of understanding the funerary  banquet through  its multiple meanings.  The longevity  of the motif and  its dispersion  between people of different cultural background  pleads against a unitary  interpretation.  Each  individual was free to interpret the scenes according to his or hers cultural values.

Roman Brooches from Infra-Carpathian Dacia

(Abstract)

In this study, the authors present 34 brooches in all. There are 11 types of brooches: I. Strongly profiled brooches (pl. 1/1-8); II. Norico-Pannonian Brooches with Knobs (pl. 1/9); III. Knee brooches (pl. 1/10-11; 11/12- 16); IV. Anchor brooches, (pl. 11/17-18); V. Trumpet Brooches (pl. 11/19-20); VI. Penannular Brooches (pl. II/ 21- 22); VII Brooches of Sarmatian Type (pl. II/ 23- 24); VIII Crossbow Brooches, (pl. III/25); IX. Brooches with returned foot (pl. III/26-27); X. T- shaped brooches (pl. III/28-33); XI Tongs Shaped Brooches (pl. III/34).

Les Lampes en terre cuite d’Arcobadara

(Résumé)

Les recherches archéologiques entreprises à Ilișua sur le limes du  Nord  de la province de Dacie, identifiée épigraphiquement avec l’ancienne Arcobadara, ont conduit) la découverte, entre autres, d’un  significatif dépôt d’outils d’illumination. A ceux  découverts en  1978, détenus par le Musée de Bistrița on  a joint également les pièces connues par les fouilles réalisées au XIXe siècle par Carol Torma, offertes au Musée de Cluj.  Les pièces s’inscrivent dans des types bien  connus produites dans les centres traditionnels italiques ou les provinces, apportées par les troupes ou  par l’importation, d’autres étant produites par des officines locales. Certains fumignons pouvaient être réalisés même dans les ateliers d’Arcobadara, où à part les fours on a retrouvé des presses, des ponçons et des tampons des artisans locaux, sans avoir découvert jusque là des presses pour le modelage des lampes qui les attesteraient directement.  Selon  la  technique  de  production,  celles  de  Ilișua  ont  été  faites  à  la  roue  ou  au  moule.  Dans  la  première catégorie,  on  rencontre  certaines  exemplaires  au  bassin  rond  et  à  l’orifice  large  (no  2-7),  appartenant  à  la catégorie dite de «lampes à suif»  (84, 88). Les plus nombreuses sont celles au  moule. Typologiquement, on connaît: lampes à bec triangulaire et à volutes (no  1), qui date de début de IIe siècle; lampes à corps rond  et  bec cordiforme (no. 9  – 14); lampes à canal ouvert du  type Firmalompen, nombreuses portent l’estampille: APOLAVST (1), CASSI (1), FESTI (2), FAVOR (1), FORTIS (14), OCTAVI (1), RARIUS (1). Il s’agit d’ateliers nord-italiques, qui étaiant en  pleine activité au  II-émé et III-émé siècles. Une partie des lampes présentées sont des produits originaux d’importation, d’autres sont des copies ou imitations provinciales des lampes originales.

Contributions to the History of Sport in Roman Dacia. About propaganda for gladiatorial battles and hunting in the amphitheater

(Abstract)

Considering both the manifold representations of gladiators (caricatures engraved or scratched into various artifacts, statues, figurines, images impressed on crockery, rush lights etc. – Langner 2001; Weeber 1994 etc.) and the establishment of the fact that all these are part of the Roman state policy to use sports as entertainment for the people (Weeber 1994, passim; Landes et alii 1990; 1994), the author (H. Moșneag) attempts with the present paper to compare the spread of data regarding gladiators and from arena hunters and what can be established now for the Dacian provinces.
Empire following the presentation of images accounting for the brief time-scale of coliseum occurrence.
– Figure 1 – and the gladiator fights within the Empire (figurines, representations on monuments, caricatures etc.) – Figures 2-6, the author sets forth a compilation of this type of discoveries throught the territory of Dacia.
– Figures 8-15 – and an image of their spread across Dacia – Figure 7.
The author concludes that, even in the current stage of knowledge, it can be stated that the same types of gladiator and arena hunter representations occur in Dacia, engraved into stone monuments, various artifacts or impressed, scratched and ripped into ceramic ware. Therefore, the Empire conducted the same entertainment policy for the masses in Dacia, particularly with towns or important military centers.

Contributions to the Knowledge of the Late Roman Army (4th century) 1.Waeponsfor distance fighting in the fortifications on the northern border of Dacia Ripensis

(Abstract)

The author drew together works about the fortifications and the Late Roman army of Dacia Ripensis (275- 390). Fig. 1-2. weapons for distance fight: bow elements, ballista elements an spear head as well as heavy and light arrow heads. On the north border of the province Dacia Ripensis there were 45 fortifications (quadriburgia, old rebuilt camps, fortified towns, towers etc.), but until now studied weapons are coming from seven of them: Donje Butorka (1), Orșova (4), Tekija (14), Milutinovac (2), Hinova (36), Rtkovo (7), Kula (19) and Celei (5), Fig. 3. The weapons have been devided into three groups: I. spear heads, II. heavy arrow heads; III. light arrow heads. Within each group the author proposed a certain typology according to the shape of the blade (head), sizes of the shaft and ways of fixing (butt spike). Three groups have been drawn up: 1. large and medium spearheads; willow leaf, pear leaf and rhomboidal shaped blade; with butt spike and spike-rods. Fig. 4; 2. The heavy arrow heads were also grouped according to size into large and medium pieces; with pyramidal shaped blade; with butt spike and spike­ rods. Fig. 21; 3. all light arrow heads are of small dimensions (up to 5,00 cm total length); the form of the blade being varied (leaf form, pyramidal form, rhomboidal shaped; with butt spike and spike-rods). Fig. 22. The present typology has been drawn up on the basis of a reduced number of up to now known pieces, it will undergo improvement when more pieces are known. The comparison with the Late Roman weapons for certainly dated 4 th century fortifications on other late Roman border sections as Vemania (Raetia II) or Gornea (Moesia 1) suggests that this typology constitutes a serious basis for the knowledge of the Late Roman weapons.

Les assénides – les régnés et leurs morts violentes

(Résumé)

La révolte des Blaques et des Bulgares, éclatée pendant l’automne de l’an 1185, sous la direction des élites blaques, les frères Pierre et Assen, s’achevait avec la constitution entre les Montagnes Balkans et le Danube du Tzarat Blaque-Bulgare (env. 1187/1188), la première manifestation de l’Etat de la romanité orientale. Entre env. 1187/1188 et 1256, le trône blaque-bulgare a été occupé par des 8 souverains de la dynastie blaque des Assénides. En plan externe, le Tzarat Blaque-Bulgare s’est trouvé presque tout le temps en conflit armé avec les pouvoirs voisins, catholiques – l’Empire Latin de Constantinople et la Hongrie – et orthodoxes – L’Empire Byzantin ou l’Empire Greque de Nicée, et en plan interne, la lutte pour le pouvoir au sein de la famille a été acerbe, réalité accentuée aussi du fait que parmi les 8 souverains d’origine blaque, 6 ont achevé leur règnes violement, éloignés du pouvoir ou assassinés par des proches parents (l’un aveugle – Boril Assen – et cinq – Assen, Pierre, Coloman I Assen, Michel Assen et Coloman II Assen – assassinés), l’un – Joannice Assen – est mort en conditions obscures, qui n’éliminent pas l’assassinat, et seulement un – Jean Assen II – est mort, avec certitude, de mort naturelle.

The Medieval Ruins at Rodna

(Abstract)

Within  the building  complex  of the greek-catholic church  at Rodna (Bistrita-Nasaud  County) lay  the remains of the medieval parish church, consisting of a ruined tower and a fragment of the nave’s western wall. The ruins underwent some conservation works in the early 20th century and were object of an archaeological survey in 1955, which revealed three periods of construction. The main phase was identified as belonging to a 13th century basilica with the choir joined by two chambers, followed by a reconstruction materialized in a lesser nave. Unfortunately, the archaeological investigation did not consider the constructive relation between the eccentric tower and the basilica, in order to determine whether they belonged to the same phase, or not. Judging from the representations rendered by visual documents dating back to 19lh century, one can assume that the present ruins display two building phases, e.g. the 13th century structures featured by the tower, and the reconstruction  embodied  by  the church’s western  wall.  The rib  fragment rendered  by  architect Rudolf Wagner in  his 1923  record,  shows a similar profile with  those of the dominican  nunnery  founded  by  the Hungarian royal family on Margaret Island and consecrated in 1259. It is to presume a close bond between the two workshops, view that Rodna was a royal mining town during the Middle Ages and most likely the queen was patron of the parish church until 1440, when the domain of Rodna was donated to the Jakes of Kusal family.

Tărpiu Evangelical Church, Bistrița Năsăud County. Archaeological Research

(Abstract)

The archaeological investigation  of the Evangelical church  from Tărpiu,  Bistrița Năsăud  County  was performed in the framework of the restoration project focused on this later Gothic monument from north-east Transylvania,  a spectacular village church  in  the region.  Archaeological excavations evidenced  pre-existing frameworks for the current monument and allowed the identification of the main construction stages.  In  1977,  the first archaeological probing  was related  to  the begining  of the initiative concerning  the monument’s restoration and the emergency intervention that had saved, for more than 15 years, the building – then facing severe deterioration. Even if, under the given circumstances, the research work was limited, several pieces of information on the region’s stratigraphy were retrieved, and the hypothesis of pre-existing construction stages could be stated. When the Historical Monuments Direction has been dissolved, the restoration work and the archaeological investigations to this building were also stopped. Finally, when the restoration works were resumed in the ‘90es, the systematic research of the Evangelical church from Tărpiu could be performed. Tărpiu  (Germ.Treppen,  Hung.  Sszäsztörpeny) locality  is emplaced  in  north-eastern  Transylvanian  area that was colonised  by  Germans; it is located  at only  12  km away  from Bistrița municipality.  The arrival of the German colonists in this area probably took place at the end of XIIth – beginning of XIIIlh centuries.  Administratively, during the Middle Ages, this locality was part of Bistrița District. Undoubtedly, the proximity of this town has positively influenced the economic, as well as the urbanistic development of the locality.  Geomorphologically, Tărpiu belongs to the Valea Rosua Depression, which is outlined by Bistrița Hills.  The locality was mentioned in historical documents relatively late; the first mention is to be found in the Registele de dijme papale fEng. Pope’s Tax Records) emitted between 1332-1335, where it is mentioned under the accounts of the Tylegd  and  DÂBÂCA archidioceses.  Under these circumstances,  the name of the vicar Petrus from Tărpiu (de Cupinio) is indicated, who in those times was contributing with a large amount, i.e. a mark according to the Alba weight standard. It is remarkable that the amounts contributed by Tărpiu vicariate are close to the total sum contributed by the plebeians from Bistrița.  According to its blueprint, the monument in Tărpiu can be assigned to the group of hall-type churches lacking the western tower. It was constituted as a fortified church with an inner yard proper that included a tower, similarly to the Evangelic church from Lechința. The inner wall, reinforced during the Middle Ages with the gate tower along the northern side, is still standing, in part, as well as the gate tower.  For a rural community, the stone-built construction is impressive as sizes are concerned; it consists of a nave and a polygonal sanctuary (with two bays, one rectangular and one polygonal ending in three sides). The chancel consists of two bays, one rectangular and one polygonal, ending in three sides. The bays are cross, pointed-arched,  the arches intersecting  in  keystones decorated  with  shields.  The choir vault are supported by conical or polygonal consoles, richly articulated by a succession of profiles. Along its northern side, the chancel is connected to a vestry, while on its northern side to a staircase tower. The broken arch-shaped portal of the vestry shows a simple profile. Along the northern side of the quire a Gothic tabernacle with rectangular opening  is present,  framed  by  two  thin  columns and  a crowning  consisting  of a brace arch  decorated  with leaves. Tabernacle is decorated with a relief representing Christ. Beneath the figure of Christ, on the lintel an engraving reads the year 1504. It is a late Gothic tabernacle. The nave consists of two bays with stellate vaults supported by overlapping semicolumnar pilasters, by brackets decorated  with  standing  lions – in  the corners facing  the triumphal arch,  and  respectively,  in  the south-western  corned  with  a relatively  flat antiquated,  phytomorphous human  mask.  As in  the case of the portal of the tower from the fortified courtyard, the brackets with lions were intended to guard the entrance towards the quire, and respectively to the churches’ cemetery. The separating arches are supported by pilasters finalized  by  semicolumns ending  with  capitals outlined  by  talons located  in-between  the listels.  The vault system of the nave outlines two  bays.  The separation  is achieved  through  the two  pilasters located  at the middle of the northern and southern walls in order to support the vault. A special place in the architecture of the nave is represented by the pulpit. Its emplacement should mark the end of the construction stage. Light enters the church through five Gothic-type bipartite windows located on the southern side – two in the nave and three in the chancel. These are high windows, worked in detail, with slender mullions; the upper part is decorated with flamboyant and polylobed moldings . The sixth window, still realized in Gothic style, is located on the western façade and it provides light to the rostrum. As compared to the previous ones, it is shorter and tripartite, but the decoration is similar, with flamboyant moldings. Along  the western  façade,  a portal in  broken  arch  with  reverse profiles towards the doors’ interior is noticeable; it is decorated with a keystone showing a heraldic coat of arms. On its external side, the portal is framed by a curly arc that continues in the lower part with a vegetal decoration represented by a simplified creeping stem. On the top of the portal, a short tripartite window showing late Gothic moldings was inserted in order to illuminate the rostrum.  On  the south  facade is a Renaissance portal with  rectangular decorated  stone frame with  rods turned inwards at the bottom. The northern façade is perfectly concatenated with the southern one; it reproduces the portal with  Renaissance-type profile,  however here the windows are missing.  The façades of the church are articulated  with  slightly  stepwise abutments,  which  logically  follow the internal supporting  elements of the vaults, i.e. three along each side of the nave and one in each of the corners of the chancel, except the northern side of the latter, where they are replaced by the vestry.  The church from Tărpiu is a monument characterising the transition from the Gothic to the Renaissance styles that is remarkable by the precision of the architectural, sculptural and pictural details.  Research work inside the present-day church allowed us to draw a coherent and inedited picture on the construction activities in Tărpiu from the end of the XIIIlh  century to the first decades of the XVIlh  century. The  stratigraphic  situation  revealed  by  the  current  investigations  in  the  chancel  and  the  nave  of  the  present-day monument has documented intense constructing activities in this space spanning the whole Middle Ages. The investigations on the chancel evidenced two phases prior to the construction of the current monument, recognized due to the identified in situ foundations that belong to some older buildings. The first phase is represented by a chancel ending with an apse identified based on the in situ foundation. It was not possible to recognize the blueprint of this first church that has functioned on the site of the current monument,  because the only  remaining  vestiges are represented  by  the foundation  of this chancel with  a semicircular ending. The foundation is preserved fully only along the eastern side (semicircular apse) and partly along  the northern  one,  being  cross-cut by  a construction  representing  the second  phase in  the construction activities from the church in Tărpiu. This is the first churches choir that worked here. The second phase in the building activities from Tărpiu is represented by a rectangular chancel, which has been already mentioned, proved by the in situ identified foundation. The foundations of the rectangular chancel enclose the semicircular foundation intersecting it along the southern and northern sides. The southern side of this second phase chancel is leaning against the foundation of the southern side of the current chancel, while the northern side is partly overlapped by the foundation of the current chancel.It is worthy to mention that we have identified also a fragment of the altar table corresponding to this second phase; it consists of a masonry piece consisting of broken stone embedded in mortar that overlays a small portion  of the foundation  of the semicircular apse.  We have also  identified  the stepping  level of this second,  rectangular chancel: two  fragments of brick  flooring  have been  identified  along  the northern  and southern sides of the rectangular chancel.Within the current vestry, we have also identified the in situ foundation of the old vestry, corresponding to  the second  phase.  When  we have drawn  the outline of the church  with  rectangular chancel,  we could notice that this second phase is represented by a hall-type church consisting of a rectangular chancel, a vestry along the northern side and a single nave. The foundation walls of this nave are, at their turn, leaning agains the foundations of the current nave.  They  have been  identified  on  small distances,  in  two  of the sections through the present-day nave; however, the imprint of the ditch used for their systematic demolishing could be followed. The western wall of this second church could not be identified; it probably is located in the area of the pillars that support the current rostrum (an area disturbed during its construction). This older church had a vaulted rectangular chancel. In the south-eastern corner and in its southern median side, in situ stones were identified, which probably represented the bases of some columns.  The chronological assignment of this construction was possible due to the fact that the thin mortar layer on  one of these stony  bases (the one already  mentioned  from the median  area of the southern  side of the chancel) contained  a coin  minted  in  Ragusa after 1372-1421; the coin  could  have been  placed  there when the rectangular chancel was built. We can state, accordingly, that this second church was erected in the last decades of the XIVlh century.  The investigations in  the inner space of the current church  evidenced  that the stratigraphy  is disturbed by several successive burials that took place in both the nave and the chancel of the present-day monument. In spite of that,  their oldest level could  be identified; it is represented  by  dislocated,  slightly deepened into the clay tombs, preserving fragments of human bones and wood rests but only very rarely whole skeletons in anatomic position.  In  the few locations where undisturbed  skeletons could  be identified,  no  archaeological material was present that would have allowed dating these burials. This situation is the result of the numerous successive burials and of the intense construction activities in this place. During  the  construction  works  of  the  present-day  monument,  fragments  from  older  walls  of  the  second phase have been preserved in the area of the triumphal arch. Archaeological research  conducted  outside the church  have provided  information  on  its fortification system and  on  the stratigraphy  of the area under study.  The investigated  sections allowed  us to  outline the plan of the stone enclosure; thus, it can be stated that, following the local particularities of the ground, the construction is relatively oval in shape, and it gets very close to the south-western corner of the present-day church. The studied sections along the southern side of the monument have permitted the in situ identification of the foundations of the enclosing walls.  Additionally, investigations in the area of the current tower, located on the northern side of the precincts allowed identifying rests of some previous stages of the fortifications system. One of the oldest buildings in the area of the current tower is represented by a 7,50 m. long rectangular construction with abutments that is overlapped by the south-eastern corner of the above-mentioned tower and cross-cut by the precinct wall. We have in situ identified foundations of this building. Even if its northern side is cross-cut by the precinct wall, we could determine a 4 m. thickness for the width of the construction.

Volkstümliche siebenbürgisch-sächsische Epigraphe aus der Bistritzer Gegend

(Zusammenfassung)

Der Verfasser, der an dem 1991 gestarteten Programm der Inventarisierung des siebenbürgisch-sächsischei Patrimoniums aus Siebenbürgen  teilnahm,  veröffentlicht in  seiner Abhandlung  einen  Teil des äußers reichhaltigen  Materials,  das die Erforschung  der 36  Ortschaften  der Deutschen  aus dem Nösnerland  bietet ein  bisher leider unveröffentlicht gebliebenes Material.  Das vom Thema angestrebte Ziel bestand  darin,  die Inschriften  von  den  Hausbalken  aus den  erwähnten  Ortschaften,  und  nicht nur aus diesen,  so  exhaustiv  wii möglich  zu  identifizieren  und  aufzuschreiben,  wobei der Inhalt,  der Hintergrund  derselben,  hervorgehobei wird,  von  den  einfachsten  mit genealogischem Aspekt,  mit dem Namen  der Eigentümer,  den  Jahren  de: Erbauung  oder der wiederholten  Umbauungen  der Häuser,  mit den  ex-voto-s,  die Gott oder Jesus Christu; als Beschützer der Familie, des Heims und der Gläubigen, den höchsten Hilfen in der Bautätigkeit gewidme sind,  aber auch  eine Reihe kleiner Fragmente von  „Chroniken“ der vergangenen  Zeiten,  Vierzeiler,  die au: den  Volksgedichten  inspiriert sind  und  sich  auf das alltägliche Leben  der Gemeinschaft beziehen,  Gefühle die die Hingabe zur Arbeit, den Respekt gegenüber und die innige Verbundenheit mit der Gemeinschaft une in  der Familie,  sowie die Besonnenheit der religiösen  Gefühle widerspiegeln,  in  Kriegs- und  Friedenszeitei Hoffnung  gebende Lehren  und  Anspornungen.  Außergewöhnlich  wichtig  sind  die Inschriften,  die der Namen der Baumeister (Maurer, Steinhauer, Zimmerleute, Holzarbeiter, Schmiede, Kalligrafen / Blumen une Buchstaben,  Glockengießer) beginnend  mit den  letzten  Jahrzehnten  des 18.  Jahrhunderts festhalten,  bishe: unveröffentlichte Informationen, wahre „Urkunden“, die das Repertoire der siebenbürgischen Meister aus den 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert bereichern.

Les cimetières roumains de Bistrița jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle

(Résumé)

A Bistrița, comme dans les autres villes libres saxonnes de Transylvanie, on a maintenu jusque très tard, après la première moitié du XIXe siècle l’interdiction pour les autres ethnies, non privilégiées, de s’établir à l’intérieur de la cité. Celles-ci se sont rassemblées dans plusieurs quartiers des banlieues de la ville, organisant leur vie sociale et religieuse en fonction de l’attitude parfois tolérante, parfois plus restrictive des autorités. L’auteur analyse, s’appuyant sur les documents d’archive et de toponymie, les périmètres des premiers lieux de culte et des cimetières confessionnels formés à partir du XVIII siècle à la périphérie de l’habitation médiévale. L’évolution urbaine et les mesures sanitaires ont conduit à leur fermeture progressive et ultérieurement à leur effacement de la mémoire locale.  L’auteur plaide pour le marquage même symboliquement des champs de repos, là où les ossements sont couverts par des constructions modernes et surtout par l’oubli.

The Dwarf Mine in Chiuzbaia

(Abstract)

The  village  of  Chiuzbaia,  across  the  border  from  the  mining  town  Baia  Sprie,  Maramureș  county,  was founded in 1612. The settlement is especially well-known for its rich sources of non-ferrous ores. The main source of ore in Chiuzbaia and its surroundings is the Herja deposit, which contains lead, zinc, silver, gold and antimonium. There are many old mines in this area, but none of them pre-date the Middle Ages. Among them is the so-called Dwarf Mine, which has a square profile, a height of 0.9-1.3 m. and a width of 0.50 m. At the present time, we still do not have any documentation that would enable us to establish the year in which the exploitation of the Dwarf Mine began. However, based on what we do know, we can presume that it already began operating in the 17th century.

Biserici unite românești din satele districtului Bistriței în lumina unor documente latine tereziene (1740 – 1783)

(Rezumat)
Sunt supuse analizei istoriografice câteva izvoare latine locale tereziene din districtul Bistriței din secolul al XVIII-lea. Primul document latin prezentat este formulat de comunitatea românească conlocuitoare din satul liber săsesc Petriș (Petersdorf) databil cu aproximație la mijlocului secolului al XVIII-lea. Comunitatea românească din satul Petriș se plânge probabil Sfatului orașului Bistrița de restricțiile și condiționările, de șicanele autorității locale dar și a comunității săsești conlocuitoare din Petriș care le-ar restricționa dreptul de liber exercițiu religios, de asemenea dreptul de a construi foarte probabil o biserică. Scrisoarea adresată de pastorul evanghelic al Bistriței Samuel Bedeus probabil Sfatului orașului Bistrița, databilă în anul 1760 privitor la formarea comunității românești din Lechința nu în ultimul rând despre proprietățile funciare ale acesteia. Petițiile ce vor fi fost formulate de românii lechințeni și viziunea comunității săsești lechințene despre viitorul conviețuirii cu românii sunt de asemenea luate în considerare. Marginal este menționată scrisoarea adresată Guberniului Marelui Principat al Transilvaniei de Judele Bistriței, databilă din conținutul ei către mijlocului secolului al XVIII-lea cu privire la cererea românilor din suburbiile Bistriței de a ține liturghia într-o biserică situată intra muros.

La dimension militante d’Ecaterina Varga  dans la décennie précédente la révolution de 1848-1849

(Résumé)

Au  XVIIIe siècle et dans la première moitié du  XIXe siècle,  grâce à son  pouvoir militaire,  la Maison d’Habsbourg a garanti l’équilibre politico-militaire dans l’espace de l’Europe Centrale et du Sud-est, zone qui comprenait la Transylvanie, le Banat et la Bucovine.  Encore plus difficiles que ses problèmes internes,  la Monarchie habsbourgeoise est confrontée aux aspirations des peuples marginaux : les polonais, les italiens et les roumains se sont éveillés à une nouvelle conscience sociale et historique.  Au  début du  quatrième décennie du  XIXe siècle,  les mouvements de la population  minière des domaines de Zlatna ont été menés par Ecaterina Varga,  devenue le symbole de la résistance contre l’oppression et les abus des autorités locales et centrales.  Ecaterina Varga a rédigé des nombreuses pétitions au nom des habitants de Țara Moților au risque de sa liberté et même de sa vie. Considérée une personne dangereuse, les autorités impériales tentent de la mettre aux arrêts et elles y arrivent avec la complicité du prélat des roumains orthodoxes, Andrei Șaguna. Libérée en février 1851, Ecaterina Varga s’est retirée dans l’ancienne commune de Făgăraș, gagnant dans la mémoire collective le surnom de „Reine des Moți”

Bäschäftigungen für Archive in Bistritz bis 1918

(Zusammenfassung)

Die günstige Lage von Bistritz an der Kreuzung wichtiger Handelswege siecherte der Statdt eine rasche Entwicklung. Das Anwachsen des Anteils des gewerbetreibenden an der Stadtbevölkerung und als Folge davon auch  die Vermehrung  der Handeltreibenden  trug  dazu  bei,  dass die Handelsbeziehungen  zwischen  Bistritz und den anderen Städten aus Siebenbürgen, der Moldau und Polen immer reger und dauerhafter wurden, so dass die städtische Entwicklung von Bistritz schon früh ansetzt. So erklärt sich auch die Tatsache, dass das Bistritzer Archiv eines der ältesten Archive des Landes und wegen des Reichtums und der Bedeutung der darin auf bewahrten Archivalien eines der wertvollsten Stadtarchive ist.

Acest articol nu are rezumat

Urkundliche Beweise betrefend die Verhältnisse zwischen die Mienderheit und die Mehrheit in Bistritz in den ersten Jahren nach die Vereinigung von 1918

(Zusammenfassung)

Der Autor stellt 16  Urkunden  dar,  die die Art und  Weise aufzeigen  in  denen  die Politische- und Verwaltungs Veränderungen in Bistritz und in Bistritz-Nassoder Kreis stattgefunden haben, nach der Vereinigung von 1 Dezember 1918.  Bistritz  spielte  die  Hauptrolle  in  disen  Veränderungen  und  beeinflusste  alle  Behörden  die  den  neuen leitendes Organ untergeordnet waren – dem Präfekt.  Nach  meherer jahrhunderter jährigen  Entwicklung  in  einer Organiesierungsyztem den  der deutschen ethnischen  Gemeinheit spezifisch  war,  veränderte sich  die Lage und  der rumänische Bestandteil wurde der entscheidender Faktor. Die Reaktion  der vorherherrschenden  Geimeinschaften,  und  zwar der deutschen  und  nach  1867,  der ungarischen war die vorherige Sitationlage weiter aufzubewahnen welche sie durch die jahrhundertlange Zeit innegehabt haben. Die Urkunden bieten uns ein wahres Bild über den Beitrag jeder ethnischen Gemeinchaft an den eigene, Weiterentwicklung nach 1918 und an den Verhaltnissanderung zwischen Minderheit und Mehrheit.

Methods of Scientific Expertise of Icons

(Abstract)

The work  presents aspects regarding  the significance of icons,  the way  they  are made,  the integrant elements, as well as the methods of scientific expertise. The chemical methods of the quality analysis (spot test) is based  on  different chemical reactions,  while the physical-chemical ones on  the measuring  of some physical and chemical characteristics with the help of certain instruments. In this category are mentioned UV- VIS and IR spectroscopy, the chromatography, the fluorescence spectrometry of X rays, electronic microscopy and optical microscopy.

Cercetarea si monitorizarea proceselor de deteriorare de la Muzeul Brukenthal

(Rezumat)

Lucrarea are scopul de a semnala că deși România a ratificat Convenția de la Granada în 1997, se continuă seria gravelor greșeli în  restaurările de monumente.  Un  exemplu  nedorit este Muzeul Bruckenthal asupra căruia am efectuat investigații prin care sunt puse în evidență greșelile de execuție și lipsa de profesionalism a factorilor ce răspund de patrimoniu. Construcția  palatului  ce  aparținea  guvernatorului  Transilvaniei  Samuel  von  Brukenthal,  s-a  desfășurat între anii 1778-1788. Muzeul  Bruckenthal  a  fost  obiectul  unei  restaurări  rapide  executate  cu  ocazia  evenimentului  prin  care Sibiul a devenit capitală culturală europeană, alături de Luxembourg. Caracterul acestui tip  de intervenție rapidă a lăsat urme nedorite în  modul de execuție,  deoarece sunt vizibile în numeroase locuri-deficiențe datorate parțial unei rutine șantieristice care nu ar avea ce căuta atunci când este implicată o construcție de patrimoniu de această importanță. O altă cauză a nereușitei acestei intervenții de restaurare este aplicarea materialelor de corecție peste zone contaminate cu săruri ce își semnalează prezența foarte evident prin caracteristica crustă neagră sulfatică. Aceasta   crusta   constituită   din   gips   în   marea   majoritate   a   componentelor,   alături   de   care   se înregistrează sporadic thaumasit, mirabilit. Utilizarea nepermisă a unor materiale de finisaj cu  porozitate scăzută transformă aceste ecrane într-un  teren  de acumulare excesivă a sărurilor pe suprafețele de discontinuitate,  determinând cristalizarea componeților în  curs de precipitare și exercitarea unor presiuni ce duc în  final la exfolierea stratului de finisaj – figura 2.  Lipsa unui tratament adecvat al ceramicii brute de construcții sau  înlocuirea ei după caz,  nu  a fost luata în  considerare.  Consecințele sunt imediate prin  formarea de acumulări a unor săruri pe suprafața finisajelor aplicate rapid.  Sunt semnalate de asemenea acumulări de săruri pe stratificația pietrei  de  talie,  (figura  7)  ceea  ce  dovedește  că  fundația  lucrează  ca  o  pompă  de  apă  ce  va  introduce soluții prin capilarele materialelor litice.  Lângă ancadramentul porții principale sunt semnalate intervenții cu  ciment portland,  compus agresiv  cu  ettringit,  ce alimentează cu  anioni SO4,  mărind  efectul distructiv  în  zona adiacentă intervenției. 0 sursă importantă de sulfați agresivi au fost introduși cu ciment portland folosit Ia retușuri ce urmăreau să compenseze porținile cu dezagregare intensă – foto Drăgușanu.  Utilizarea de ciment Portland, un material cu ettringit agresiv, se remarcă la executarea unor amorse pentru soclul demantelat al construcției (figura 8).  Din  aceeași sursă agresivă-cimentul portland  – se alimentează procese de formare a unor săruri identificate în tabelul 1 și figura 3.  Crusta neagră de compoziție predominant sulfatică se întâlnește mai ales pe materialul litic (figura 1, 4, 5,6).

Concluzie

Procesele de deteriorare accelerată activate pe paramentul palatului Bruckenthal sunt rezultatul nerespectării unor principii de bază ale resturării și anume interdicția de a utiliza materiale cu  compoziție agresivă cum este cimentul portland,  dar și lipsa unui studiu  de patologia construcției – un  studiu  de petroarheometrie conform Conveției de la Granada.

Abstract

This paper aims to  report that although  Romania has ratified  the Granada Convention  in  1997, continues the series of serious mistakes in  restauration  of monuments.  One undesirable example is Brukenthal Museum on  which  we conducted  investigations that as reported  errors in  execution  and unprofessional factors responsible for heritage.

Latène ceramics from Ilișua site – geoarcheological and archeometric features

(Abstract]

The paper is a study on archeological ceramics from the Dacian site of Ilișua (Bistrița-Năsăud District), assigned to the Geto-Dacian Latène culture (Ilth century B.C.). Ten ceramic samples have been investigated by mineralogical-petrographical techniques that are used for geoarcheological and archeometric studies.  The semifine ceramics shows a general hornfels-like lutitic-siltic-arenitic fabric, while the coarse ceramics shows gradual transition towards hornfels-like greywacke fabric. The matrix resulted from the transformation of sintered and poorly vitrified siltic polymictic clay (containing illite, kaolinite, smectite, and possibly mixed- layers ± calcite). The matrix  structure varies from microcrystalline to  amorphous-microcrystalline.  The matrix  embeds arenitic-ruditic flux material (6-17 %); based on this fact, the studied ceramics were assigned to two fineness classes (semifine and  coarse).  Generally,  the texture is unoriented,  as resulted  from manual processing.  The ruditic-arenitic-siltic flux consists of lithoclasts and crystalloclasts originating from magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks (in most cases as river sand but also as ferruginous-pedogenetic concretions), ceramoclasts and subordinate^ bioclasts. The thermal treatment was performed in the interval of 800-920°C. Based on the mineralogical composition, we can assume that the potter’s workshop was located in the proximity of the site, while the raw clayey material originated from Badenian clays cropping out close to the tuff level.  The ceramic products were obtained  by  mixing  poorly-calcareous clay  with  flux  material,  the latter consisting  of lithoclasts and  ceramoclasts (added  deliberately),  together with  less frequent bioclasts and phytoclasts (added by chance). The ceramics were manufactured manually; vessels being covered with adobe, a thin glaze layer and paint. Firing was done in a single step, in the above-mentioned temperature interval.